عَرَفَ acknowledge in Arabic

وَإِنَّ الْحَكِيمَ يُذِّلُّ نَفْسَهُ بِالْمَكَارِهِ حَتَّى تَعْتَرِفَ بِالْحَقِّ

And indeed, the wise humbles his soul with difficulties until it acknowledges the truth.

تَعْتَرِفَ that it acknowledges

Present-tense verb 'ta'tarif' = 'it admits, acknowledges'; the '-a' ending follows 'hatta'; subject 'it' (the soul) is built in.

From Faith as Light

ومن عرف بداياته أمِنَ ثِقَلَ نهاياته

And whoever knows their beginnings is safe from the burden of their endings.

عَرَفَ he knew

Past-tense verb 'arafa' = 'he knew, recognized'; subject 'he' is built in.

From Small Daily Habits

وَقَدْ عَرَفْتُ ثَمْرَةَ الْعَقْلِ وَفَائِدَتَهُ

And I have come to know the outcome and benefit of reason.

عَرَفْتُ I have known

Past-tense verb; the '-tu' ending = 'I'.

From Intellect and Faith

وَإِذَا عَرَفَ الْعَاقِلُ أَنَّ الْهَوَى يَصِيرُ غَالِبًا

If the rational person knows that desire becomes dominant,

عَرَفَ he knows

Past-tense in form, but in this 'when' frame it reads as a general present, 'whenever he comes to know'; the subject ('he') is built in.

From The Discipline of Foresight

إن غلب نور عمله الصالح ثَقُلَت كفّته، فيُعرف مكانه في الجنّة بعمله كما يعرف أهل الجمعة منازلهم عند الانصراف

If the light of his righteous deeds prevails, his balance becomes heavy, and his place in paradise is known by his deeds, just as those who attend Friday prayers know their homes upon leaving.

فَيُعْرَفُ so is known

'so is known' — 'fa' of result plus a PASSIVE present 'is recognized'. The vowel-shape marks the passive; the knower unnamed — 'his place gets known'.

From Small Deeds, Great Reward

إن غلب نور عمله الصالح ثَقُلَت كفّته، فيُعرف مكانه في الجنّة بعمله كما يعرف أهل الجمعة منازلهم عند الانصراف

If the light of his righteous deeds prevails, his balance becomes heavy, and his place in paradise is known by his deeds, just as those who attend Friday prayers know their homes upon leaving.

يَعْرِفُ knows

Present 'knows, recognizes', subject coming after. The doer 'the Friday folk' follows the verb.

From Small Deeds, Great Reward

فيستنفد حبه من قلب العَبْد قُوَّة الْحبّ كلهَا بحب مَا عرفه من صِفَات جماله ونعوت كَمَاله فَيُصْبِح فؤاد عَبده فَارغًا إِلَّا من محبته،

So His love consumes all the strength of love in the heart of the servant due to the love of what he knows of His beauty and the descriptions of His perfection. Thus, the servant's heart becomes empty except for His love.

عَرَفَهُ he knows it

A past-tense verb 'knew / came to know' with '-hu' (it) attached as object, subject 'he' inside. The suffix points to 'what' — what he knows.

From Reflecting on God's Names

فمن كان أهلا للتفسير جامعا للأدوات حتى التي يعرف بها معناه وغلب على ظنه المراد فسره

So whoever is qualified for interpretation, possessing the tools to know its meanings, and his opinion is predominantly correct, he interprets it.

يُعْرَفُ to know

A passive verb, 'is known,' doer unnamed, the focus on the meaning grasped. The inside vowels carry the passive; the tools are the means, named next.

From Quran Interpretation and Debate

من أراد السلامة ما عرف التكليف

Whoever wants safety has not understood obligation.

عَرَفَ he knows

A past-tense verb, 'understood', carrying its own 'he' subject, denied by the negator before it. Together they say the wish for total safety betrays a failure to grasp something.

From Facing God's Tests

فإذا عرفت ما أنعم به وأبلى، وتيقنت ما أسدى وأولى،

So if you recognize what He has blessed you with and tested you, and are certain of what He has granted and bestowed,

عَرَفْتَ you recognize

A past-tense verb with a fused 'you' subject serving as the condition's verb after 'when/if'. Past in form, inside this conditional it reads as a general 'should you recognize', stating the supposed action.

From All Creation Praises Him

فَرَآهُ عَلِيُّ فَعَرَفَ أَنَّهُ غَرِيبٌ

Then Ali saw him and realized that he was a stranger.

فَعَرَفَ then realized

Led by fa-, the tight connector chaining the realizing straight onto the seeing as its immediate result. The 'he' subject is built into the verb, the same actor as before.

From A Stranger Finds the Prophet

حِينَ رَآنِيِ وَعَرَفَ،

When he saw me and recognized me,

عَرَفَ he recognized me

A past verb 'recognized' with the 'he' subject built in; the object 'me' is understood from the parallel with the previous verb rather than re-attached. Sharing the 'when' frame, it pairs with 'saw' as a single moment of recognition. Arabic can leave an object implied when it is obvious from the matching earlier verb.

From Generosity to the Poor

وَمُحَمَّدٌ مِنْ قَدْ عَرَفْتُمْ قَرَابَتَهُ،

And Muhammad is someone whose kinship you already knew,

عَرَفْتُمْ you (plural) knew

A past-tense verb whose ending -tum builds in a 'you (group of men)' subject, so the doer is plural 'you all' and lives inside the verb. No separate pronoun is needed; the verb's tail already names who did the knowing.

From The Prophet's Marriage to Khadijah

إِنْ عَرَفُوا تَنَكَّرُوا،

If they knew, they denied it.

عَرَفُوا they knew

A past-tense verb in the 'they' shape, its plural subject carried in the ending. As the condition-verb after 'if', it states the supposed case, with the response delivered by the verb that follows; together they form the conditional's two halves.

From Vigilance Against Worldly Deception

إن أول الناس يقضى يوم القيامة عليه رجل اسُتشهد، فأتي به، فعرفه نعمته، فعرفها، قال فما عملت فيها؟

Indeed, the first of the people to be judged on the Day of Resurrection will be a man who was martyred. He will be brought, and Allah will make him recognize His blessings, and he will recognize them, and He will say: 'What did you do with them?'

فَعَرَفَهَا and he recognized them

This stacks the connector fa- onto a plain past verb plus the object -ha ('them'): 'so he recognized them'. The fa- marks the man's recognizing as the result of being shown, and the suffix ties it back to the blessings.

From Intentions on Judgment Day

ورجل تعلم العلم وعلمه، وقرأ القرآن، فأتي به، فعرفه نعمه فعرفها قال فما عملت فيها؟

And a man who learned knowledge and taught it, and read the Quran. He will be brought, and Allah will make him recognize His blessings, and he will recognize them. He will say: 'What did you do with them?'

فَعَرَفَهَا and he recognized them

This stacks the connector fa- onto a plain past verb plus the object -ha ('them'): 'so he recognized them'. The fa- marks his recognizing as the result of being shown, the suffix tying it back to the blessings.

From Intentions on Judgment Day

ورجل وسع الله عليه، وأعطاه من أصناف المال، فأتي به فعرفه نعمه، فعرفها قال فما عملت فيها ؟

And a man whom Allah made wealthy and to whom He gave all kinds of wealth. He will be brought, and Allah will make him recognize His blessings, and he will recognize them. He will say: 'What did you do with them?'

فَعَرَفَهَا and he recognized them

Here fa- 'then' fronts a plain (non-intensive) past verb 'recognized', with 'her/them' attached as its object. This is the simple root form, contrasting with the heavier 'made-recognize' just before: now the man himself does the recognizing rather than being made to. The attached object pronoun is feminine to agree with the plural 'favours', which Arabic treats as a feminine group.

From Intentions on Judgment Day